Cardiovascular, Cellular, and Neural Adaptations to Hot Yoga versus Normal-Temperature Yoga

Kelsey Christian Bourbeau; Terence A Moriarty; Bryanne Nicole Bellovary; Gabriella F Bellissimo; Jeremy B Ducharme; Truman J Haeny; Micah N Zuhl

doi:10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_134_20

Cardiovascular, Cellular, and Neural Adaptations to Hot Yoga versus Normal-Temperature Yoga

Int J Yoga. 2021 May-Aug;14(2):115-126. doi: 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_134_20. Epub 2021 May 10.

Authors

Kelsey Christian Bourbeau^{1

2}, Terence A Moriarty¹, Bryanne Nicole Bellovary³, Gabriella F Bellissimo³, Jeremy B Ducharme², Truman J Haeny², Micah N Zuhl⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Kinesiology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa, USA.
² Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
³ Department of Kinesiology, State University of New York College at Cortland, Cortland, NY, USA.
⁴ School of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA.

Abstract

Context: Chronic heat exposure promotes cardiovascular and cellular adaptations, improving an organism's ability to tolerate subsequent stressors. Heat exposure may also promote neural adaptations and alter the neural-hormonal stress response. Hot-temperature yoga (HY) combines mind-body exercise with heat exposure. The added heat component in HY may induce cardiovascular and cellular changes, along with neural benefits and modulation of stress hormones.

Aims: The purpose of the present study is to compare the cardiovascular, cellular heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), neural, and hormonal adaptations of HY versus normal-temperature yoga (NY).

Settings and design: Twenty-two subjects (males = 11 and females = 11, 26 ± 6 years) completed 4 weeks of NY (n = 11) or HY (n = 11, 41°C, 40% humidity). Yoga sessions were performed 3 times/week following a modified Bikram protocol.

Subjects and methods: Pre- and posttesting included (1) hemodynamic measures during a heat tolerance test and maximal aerobic fitness test; (2) neural and hormonal adaptations using serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), along with a mental stress questionnaire; and (3) cellular adaptations (HSP70) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

Statistical analysis: Within- and between-group Student's t-test analyses were conducted to compare pre- and post-VO₂ max, perceived stress, BDNF, HSP70, and ACTH in HY and NY groups.

Results: Maximal aerobic fitness increased in the HY group only. No evidence of heat acclimation or change in mental stress was observed. Serum BDNF significantly increased in yoga groups combined. Analysis of HSP70 suggested higher expression of HSP70 in the HY group only.

Conclusions: Twelve sessions of HY promoted cardiovascular fitness and cellular thermotolerance adaptations. Serum BDNF increased in response to yoga (NY + HY) and appeared to not be temperature dependent.

Keywords: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; heat acclimation; heat shock protein; hot yoga; yoga.