The CD200-CD200R Axis Promotes Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastasis via Regulation of Cathepsin K

Abstract

The CD200-CD200R immunoregulatory signaling axis plays an etiologic role in the survival and spread of numerous cancers, primarily through suppression of antitumor immune surveillance. Our previous work outlined a prometastatic role for the CD200-CD200R axis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) that is independent of direct T-cell suppression but modulates the function of infiltrating myeloid cells. To identify effectors of the CD200-CD200R axis important for cSCC metastasis, we conducted RNA sequencing profiling of infiltrating CD11B⁺Cd200R⁺ cells isolated from CD200⁺ versus CD200-null cSCCs and identified the cysteine protease cathepsin K (Ctsk) to be highly upregulated in CD200⁺ cSCCs. CD11B⁺Cd200R⁺ cells expressed phenotypic markers associated with myeloid-derived suppressor cell-like cells and tumor-associated macrophages and were the primary source of Ctsk expression in cSCC. A Cd200R⁺ myeloid cell-cSCC coculture system showed that induction of Ctsk was dependent on engagement of the CD200-CD200R axis, indicating that Ctsk is a target gene of this pathway in the cSCC tumor microenvironment. Inhibition of Ctsk, but not matrix metalloproteinases, significantly blocked cSCC cell migration in vitro. Finally, targeted CD200 disruption in tumor cells and Ctsk pharmacologic inhibition significantly reduced cSCC metastasis in vivo. Collectively, these findings support the conclusion that CD200 stimulates cSCC invasion and metastasis via induction of Ctsk in CD200R⁺ infiltrating myeloid cells. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings highlight the relationship between CD200-CD200R and cathepsin K in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma metastasis and suggest that either of these components may serve as a viable therapeutic target in this disease.