Estimated impact of introduction of new diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus

Leon de Wit; Anna B Zijlmans; Doortje Rademaker; Christiana A Naaktgeboren; J Hans DeVries; Arie Franx; Rebecca C Painter; Bas B van Rijn

doi:10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.868

Estimated impact of introduction of new diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus

World J Diabetes. 2021 Jun 15;12(6):868-882. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.868.

Authors

Leon de Wit¹, Anna B Zijlmans², Doortje Rademaker³, Christiana A Naaktgeboren⁴, J Hans DeVries⁵, Arie Franx⁶, Rebecca C Painter⁴, Bas B van Rijn⁷

Affiliations

¹ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 EA, Netherlands.
² Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede 6716 RP, Netherlands.
³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers- Location AMC, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, Netherlands.
⁴ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers-Location AMC, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, Netherlands.
⁵ Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers-Location AMC, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, Netherlands.
⁶ Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Erasmus MC Sophia Children Hospital, Rotterdam 3015 GD, Netherlands.
⁷ Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Erasmus MC Sophia Children Hospital, Rotterdam 3015 GD, Netherlands. b.vanrijn@erasmusmc.nl.

Abstract

Background: Implementation of new diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are still a subject of debate, mostly due to concerns regarding the effects on the number of women diagnosed with GDM and the risk profile of the women newly diagnosed.

Aim: To estimate the impact of the World Health Organization (WHO) 2013 criteria compared with the WHO 1999 criteria on the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus as well as to determine the diagnostic accuracy for detecting adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a single center Dutch cohort of 3338 women undergoing a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test where the WHO 1999 criteria to diagnose GDM were clinically applied. Women were categorized into four groups: non-GDM by both criteria, GDM by WHO 1999 only (excluded from GDM), GDM by WHO 2013 only (newly diagnosed) and GDM by both criteria. We compared maternal characteristics, pregnancy outcomes and likelihood ratios for adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Results: Retrospectively applying the WHO 2013 criteria increased the cohort incidence by 13.1%, from 19.3% to 32.4%. Discordant diagnoses occurred in 21.3%; 4.1% would no longer be labelled as GDM, and 17.2% were newly diagnosed. Compared to the non-GDM group, women newly diagnosed were older, had higher rates of obesity, higher diastolic blood pressure and higher rates of caesarean deliveries. Their infants were more often delivered preterm, large-for-gestational-age and were at higher risk of a 5 min Apgar score < 7. Women excluded from GDM were older and had similar pregnancy outcomes compared to the non-GDM group, except for higher rates of shoulder dystocia (4.3% vs 1.3%, P = 0.015). Positive likelihood ratios for adverse outcomes in all groups were generally low, ranging from 0.54 to 2.95.

Conclusion: Applying the WHO 2013 criteria would result in a substantial increase in GDM diagnoses. Newly diagnosed women are at increased risk for pregnancy adverse outcomes. This risk, however, seems to be lower than those identified by the WHO 1999 criteria. This could potentially influence the treatment effect that can be achieved in this group. Evidence on treatment effects in newly diagnosed women is urgently needed.

Keywords: Diagnostic criteria; Gestational diabetes; Glucose tolerance test; Incidence; Pregnancy outcome.