We provide here a general view on the interactions of surfactants with viruses, with a particular emphasis on how such interactions can be controlled and employed for inhibiting the infectivity of enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses. The aim is to provide to interested scientists from different fields, including chemistry, physics, biochemistry, and medicine, an overview of the basic properties of surfactants and (corona)viruses, which are relevant to understanding the interactions between the two. Various types of interactions between surfactant and virus are important, and they act on different components of a virus such as the lipid envelope, membrane (envelope) proteins and nucleocapsid proteins. Accordingly, this cannot be a detailed account of all relevant aspects but instead a summary that bridges between the different disciplines. We describe concepts and cover a selection of the relevant literature as an incentive for diving deeper into the relevant material. Our focus is on more recent developments around the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, applications of surfactants against the virus, and on the potential future use of surfactants for pandemic relief. We also cover the most important aspects of the historical development of using surfactants in combatting virus infections. We conclude that surfactants are already playing very important roles in various directions of defence against viruses, either directly, as in disinfection, or as carrier components of drug delivery systems for prophylaxis or treatment. By designing tailor-made surfactants, and consequently, advanced formulations, one can expect more and more effective use of surfactants, either directly as antiviral compounds or as part of more complex formulations.
Keywords: AFM, atomic force microscopy; BVDV, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus; C12E8, dodecyloctaglycol; CPyC, cetylpyridinium chloride; DSPC, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; Disinfection; Enveloped viruses; Flu, influenza virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry; Ld, liquid-disordered; Lipid bilayers; Lo, liquid-ordered; PA, phosphatidic acid (anionic); PC, phosphatidylcholine (zwitterionic); PE, phosphatidylethanolamine (zwitterionic); PI, phosphatidylinositol (anionic); POPC, 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; PS, phosphatidylserine (anionic); QUAT, quaternary alkyl ammonium; RNP, ribonucleoprotein particle; SAXS, small-angle X-ray scattering; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate; Surfactant; TBP, tri-n-butyl phosphate; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; Virus inactivation; cac, critical aggregate concentration; cmc, critical micelle concentration; p, packing parameter.
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