Symmetry of three-center, four-electron bonds

Abstract

Three-center, four-electron bonds provide unusually strong interactions; however, their nature remains ununderstood. Investigations of the strength, symmetry and the covalent versus electrostatic character of three-center hydrogen bonds have vastly contributed to the understanding of chemical bonding, whereas the assessments of the analogous three-center halogen, chalcogen, tetrel and metallic [small sigma, Greek, circumflex]-type long bonding are still lagging behind. Herein, we disclose the X-ray crystallographic, NMR spectroscopic and computational investigation of three-center, four-electron [D-X-D]⁺ bonding for a variety of cations (X⁺ = H⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, F⁺, Cl⁺, Br⁺, I⁺, Ag⁺ and Au⁺) using a benchmark bidentate model system. Formation of a three-center bond, [D-X-D]⁺ is accompanied by an at least 30% shortening of the D-X bonds. We introduce a numerical index that correlates symmetry to the ionic size and the electron affinity of the central cation, X⁺. Providing an improved understanding of the fundamental factors determining bond symmetry on a comprehensive level is expected to facilitate future developments and applications of secondary bonding and hypervalent chemistry.