A 35-year-old male was referred to our hospital with dysesthesia of the lower extremities that had begun six months earlier. A blood test revealed the presence of various antibodies, suggesting a collagen-related peripheral neuropathy. However, a history of repeated shingles and sex with males was noted, and the patient was tested for and diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Based on the manifestations and laboratory data, including the results of immunological and urinary tests, he was further diagnosed with concomitant systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The activity of SLE improved with antiretroviral therapy. There is currently no established treatment for AIDS complicated with SLE. Indeed, because HIV treatment involves the activation of immune function and SLE treatment involves immunosuppression, any treatments for the two conditions would be in conflict. It is thus necessary to select a treatment strategy based on the condition of the individual patient. In addition, because HIV infection is relatively rare in Japan compared to other countries, rheumatologists in Japan must keep HIV infection in mind as a differential diagnosis for autoimmune diseases.
Keywords: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; antiretroviral therapy; autoimmune disease; human immunodeficiency virus; systemic lupus erythematosus.