Effects of enriched environment on depression and anxiety-like behavior induced by early life stress: A comparison between different periods

Abstract

Background: Brain development is a prolonged process and it is sensitive to the environment during critical periods. Stress in early life is believed to increase vulnerability to depression, while enriched environment (EE) has beneficial effects on neural plasticity and depression. In this study, we compared the therapeutic effect of EE during different periods on early life stress-induced depression, and investigated the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and protein kinase B (AKT) on the effect of EE. Plasma corticosterone level was also detected to evaluate the reactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Methods: C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a 4-h maternal separation (MS) procedure during postnatal days 2-21. After this separation, the mice were assigned to standard environment groups (SE), EE in the early period groups (3-8 weeks, EEE) and EE in the adult groups (8-13 weeks, EEA). Depression and anxiety behavior were evaluated at 14-weeks of age. The plasma corticosterone was quantified utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hippocampus BDNF and AKT/p-AKT were detected using Western blotting.

Results: The results showed that MS increased depression and anxiety level, while EE in both intervention periods alleviated the symptoms of depression and anxiety. The EEE group showed better effects in terms of anhedonia and anxiety than the EEA group. The difference in despair behavior between the EEE and EEA groups was not significant. MS increased plasma corticosterone level, while EE decreased corticosterone level in both intervention periods. EE increased BDNF and p-AKT expression in the hippocampus, with stronger effects in the EEE group.

Conclusion: EE during the early development period was more effective in alleviating depression and anxiety induced by early life stress. BDNF and AKT may play a significant role in the effect of EE, and further research is needed to explore the detailed neurobiological mechanisms.

Keywords: Brain development; Depression; Early life stress; Enriched environment.