Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by progressive destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. This multifactorial disease has a strong genetic component associated with the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and non-HLA regions. In this study, we compared frequencies of HLA-DRB1 alleles and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated the genes coding for: toll-like receptors (TLRs), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-12B (IL-12B), between T1D patients and healthy controls. The aim was to identify frequency differences and linkage between these genetic markers in T1D patients and healthy controls. Twelve SNPs were investigated as follows: rs16944 (IL-1B), rs1143634 (IL-1B), rs1800587 (IL-1A), rs2069762 (IL-2), rs3212227 (IL-12B), rs2234650 (IL-1R1), rs315952 (IL-1RN), rs3804099 (TLR2), rs4986790 (TLR4), rs4986791 (TLR4), rs1800629 (TNF) and rs361525 (TNF). TaqMan genotype assay method was used for SNPs genotyping. HLA-DRB1* genes were typed by Sequence Specific Oligonucleotide Probe (SSOP). SPSS and SNPStats programs were used for the statistical analysis. Significant differences between T1D and control groups were found for the dominant model of rs361525 and rs1800629A:rs361525G genotypes for TNF. Increased frequencies of DRB1*03 and DRB1*04 and decreased frequencies of DRB1*07, DRB1*11 and DRB1*13 and DRB1*15 were observed in T1D patients compared with controls. However, the genotype, DRB1*07 with rs1800629A/G was associated with T1D. We have confirmed that DRB1*03 and DRB1*04 are associated with increased risk and DRB1*07, DRB1*11 and DRB1*13 and DRB1*15 with decreased risk of T1D. Also, the dominant model of rs361525A, and the rs1800629G:361525A genotype were associated with increased risk. The simultaneous presence of DRB1*07 and rs1800629A/G genotypes in 23 out of 27 DRB1*07 positive T1D patients implied that islet cell peptide processing may have been biased towards autoimmunity by upregulation of TNF associated intronic SNPs.
Keywords: IL-1R; Saudi population; single-nucleotide polymorphisms; tumour necrosis factor; type 1 diabetes.
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.