No significant therapeutic solutions for advanced cancer are available to date. However, an old idea based on usage of tumor-specific antibodies as the basis for a new vaccination form in patients with advanced tumors, has attracted recent research and is possible due to development of personalized neoantigenic vaccines. Each tumour has indeed, its own mutation content, only a small percentage are shared between patients. Technological advances and the established genome databases, allowed for a rapid mapping of mutations in the genome. The latter allows for a rational selection of targets for personalized vaccines and on-demand production of customized therapy according to the patient's individual tumour properties. This article accordingly, summarizes basic principles of vaccines for personalized neoantigens, translational research and clinical studies related to these vaccines. Finally, the future of such therapy with personalized vaccines is discussed.