Background: Disability from migraine has a profound impact on the world's economy. Research has been ongoing to identify biomarkers to aid in diagnosis and treatment.
Objective: The aim of this study was to highlight the purported diagnostic and therapeutic migraine biomarkers and their role in precision medicine.
Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and clinicaltrials.gov using keywords: "migraine" OR "headache" combined with "biomarkers" OR "marker." Other keywords included "serum," "cerebral spinal fluid," "inflammatory," and "neuroimaging."
Results: After a review of 88 papers, we find the literature supports numerous biomarkers in the diagnosis of migraine. Therapeutic biomarkers, while not as extensively published, highlight calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide-38 (PACAP-38) as biomarkers with the most substantiated clinical relevance. Genetic markers mainly focusing on gene mutations with resultant biochemical alterations continue to be studied and show promise.
Conclusion: Although there are several proposed biomarkers for migraine, continued research is needed to substantiate their role in clinical practice.
Keywords: Biomarker; cerebral spinal fluid; marker; migraine; saliva; serum.