The ambient temperature is one of the important factors that affects the imaging quality of aspherical airborne camera. In order to evaluate the imaging quality of an airborne camera under the effect of ambient temperature and predict the influence of the ambient temperature on the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the airborne camera, on the basis of the imaging principle and the material properties of lenses of the airborne camera, this study integrates theoretical analysis, simulation analysis, and experimental tests to study the influence of ambient temperature on the imaging performance of airborne cameras. The imaging performance of an airborne camera is characterized by using the MTF. First, a mathematical model is presented to analyze the effect of ambient temperature on the MTF of the airborne camera. Then the simulation analysis and experiment tests are, respectively, proposed. The results of the mathematical model are compared, respectively, with the results of the simulation analysis and experimental test, and the comparison shows that the variation trends of the mathematical model results are in line with the simulation results and the experimental results, respectively. Therefore, the mathematical model presented in this study is effective for analyzing the influence of ambient temperature variation on the MTF of airborne cameras.