Molecular diagnosis for the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: lessons learnt from the Ghana experience

Ivy A Asante; Mildred Adusei-Poku; Humphrey K Bonney; Evelyn Y Bonney; John K Odoom; Evangeline Obodai; James Aboagye; Erasmus N Kotey; Stephen Nyarko; Linda Boatemaa; Vanessa Magnusen; Helena Lamptey; George B Kyei; William K Ampofo

doi:10.4314/gmj.v54i4s.12

Molecular diagnosis for the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: lessons learnt from the Ghana experience

Ghana Med J. 2020 Dec;54(4 Suppl):77-85. doi: 10.4314/gmj.v54i4s.12.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Virology, University of Ghana, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana.
² Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.
³ Department of Immunology, University of Ghana, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana.

Abstract

Background: A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 is currently causing a worldwide pandemic. The first cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were recorded in Ghana on March 12, 2020. Since then, the country has been combatting countrywide community spread. This report describes how the Virology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR) is supporting the Ghana Health Service (GHS) to diagnose infections with this virus in Ghana.

Methods: The National Influenza Centre (NIC) in the Virology Department of the NMIMR, adopted real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR) assays for the diagnosis of the SARS-CoV-2 in January 2020. Samples from suspected cases and contact tracing across Ghana were received and processed for SARS-CoV-2. Samples were 'pooled' to enable simultaneous batch testing of samples without reduced sensitivity.

Outcomes: From February 3 to August 21, the NMIMR processed 283 946 (10%) samples. Highest number of cases were reported in June when the GHS embarked on targeted contact tracing which led to an increase in number of samples processed daily, peaking at over 7,000 samples daily. There were several issues to overcome including rapid consumption of reagents and consumables. Testing however continued successfully due to revised procedures, additional equipment and improved pipeline of laboratory supplies. Test results are now provided within 24 to 48 hours of sample submission enabling more effective response and containment.

Conclusion: Following the identification of the first cases of SARS-CoV-2infection by the NMIMR, the Institute has trained other centres and supported the ramping up of molecular testing capacity in Ghana. This provides a blueprint to enable Ghana to mitigate further epidemics and pandemics.

Funding: The laboratory work was supported with materials from the Ghana Health Service Ministry of Health, the US Naval Medical Research Unit #3, the World Health Organization, the Jack Ma Foundation and the University of Ghana Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research. Other research projects hosted by the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research contributed reagents and laboratory consumables. The funders had no role in the preparation of this manuscript.

Keywords: Ghana; SARS-CoV-2; molecular diagnosis; “pooling”.

MeSH terms

COVID-19 / diagnosis*
COVID-19 / epidemiology
COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing / methods*
Contact Tracing / methods
Contact Tracing / statistics & numerical data
Ghana / epidemiology
Humans
Infection Control / methods*
National Health Programs
Population Surveillance*
SARS-CoV-2 / genetics
SARS-CoV-2 / isolation & purification*