A 26-year-old female was admitted to the emergency department of thoracic surgery complaining of chest tightness, shortness of breath, and a history of bilateral tuberculosis. A chest Computed Tomography (CT) scan showed bilateral pleural effusion. After that, the patient was implanted with bilateral intercostal drainage tubes. Further analysis of the pleural effusion was conducted to confirm the diagnosis of bilateral chylothorax. We initiated conservative treatment consisting of fasting and total parenteral nutrition. After the failure of conservative treatment, the patient underwent ligation of the thoracic duct by right-sided thoracotomy combined with talc slurry. On the first day postoperatively, the right pleural effusion had decreased significantly, while the left pleural effusion had not. Subsequently, talc slurry was injected into the left thoracic drainage tube of the patient. Bilateral pleural effusion was significantly reduced. Re-examination chest X-ray showed the disappearance of pleural effusion, and the patient was discharged good healthy. Chest X-rays were reexamined one month postoperatively, and the patient's lung was well dilated, with no recurrence of pleural effusion. In this case, it was shown that conservative treatment is the first choice for chylothorax. However, if this proves to be ineffective, early surgical treatment should be considered. Early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention are the key factors to improve the prognosis of patients.
Keywords: Chylothorax; case report; conservative treatment; pleural fluid; thoracic duct ligation; tuberculosis.