Call to Action on the Categorization of Sex, Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in Surgical Research

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA. Electronic address: jnahmias@hs.uci.edu.
• ² Section of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, University of Chicago.
• ³ Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
• ⁴ Department of Surgery, New York University, New York, NY.
• ⁵ Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Emergency Surgery and Burns, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
• ⁶ Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
• ⁷ R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, The University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore.
• ⁸ Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
• ⁹ Department of Surgery, Section of Acute and Critical Care Surgery, Washington University, St Louis, MO.
• ¹⁰ Soffer Clinical Research Center.
• ¹¹ Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL.
• ¹² Department of African-American Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
• ¹³ Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX.
• ¹⁴ Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.