Conversion of Pd(I) off-cycle species into highly efficient cross-coupling catalysts

Dalton Trans. 2021 Apr 28;50(16):5420-5427. doi: 10.1039/d1dt00929j.

Abstract

We report on the facile conversion of [Pd2(μ-Cl)(μ-η3-R-allyl)(NHC)2] complexes, which are commonly considered undesirable off-cycle species in cross-coupling reactions, into active [PdCl(μ-Cl)(NHC)]2 pre-catalysts. All reactions proceed under mild conditions (40 °C, 1-2 hours in acetone) using inexpensive HCl as both an oxidant and chloride source. DFT calculations were performed to explore the possible mechanism of this transformation, which appears to involve a combination of two different pathways. Moreover this study provides insights into factors favoring and hindering Pd(i) dimer formation undesirable in catalysis.