Background: With the promising outcomes of the pre-ESRD (end-stage renal disease) pay-for-performance (P4P) program, the National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA) of Taiwan launched a P4P program for patients with early chronic kidney disease (CKD) in 2011, targeting CKD patients at stages 1, 2, and 3a. This study aimed to examine the long-term effect of the early-CKD P4P program on CKD progression.
Methods: We conducted a matched cohort study using electronic medical records from a large healthcare delivery system in Taiwan. The outcome of interest was CKD progression to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <45 mL/min/1.73 m2 between P4P program enrolees and non-enrolees. The difference in the cumulative incidence of CKD progression between the P4P and non-P4P groups was tested using Gray's test. We adopted a cause-specific (CS) hazard model to estimate the hazard in the P4P group as compared to non-P4P group, adjusting for age, sex, baseline renal function, and comorbidities. A subgroup analysis was further performed in CKD patients with diabetes to evaluate the interactive effects between the early-CKD P4P and diabetes P4P programs.
Results: The incidence per 100 person-months of disease progression was significantly lower in the P4P group than in the non-P4P group (0.44 vs. 0.69, P<.0001), and the CS hazard ratio (CS-HR) for P4P program enrolees compared with non-enrolees was 0.61 (95% CI: 0.58-0.64, P<.0001). The results of the subgroup analysis further revealed an additive effect of the diabetes P4P program on CKD progression; compared to none of both P4P enrolees, the CS-HR for CKD disease progression was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.54-0.67, P<.0001) for patients who were enrolled in both early-CKD P4P and diabetes P4P programs.
Conclusion: The present study results suggest that the early-CKD P4P program is superior to usual care to decelerate CKD progression in patients with early-stage CKD.
Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease; Cohort Study; Electronic Medical Records; Pay-for-Performance; Renal Outcome; Taiwan.
© 2022 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.