1 Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia. carlos.duarte@kaust.edu.sa.
2 Arctic Research Centre, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. carlos.duarte@kaust.edu.sa.
3 Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia. carlos.duarte@kaust.edu.sa.
4 Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
5 Department of Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
6 Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
7 Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Centro Interdisciplinario de Cambio Global, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
8 Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
9 Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, Paris, France.
10 Monegasque Association on Ocean Acidification, Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, Monaco, Monaco.
11 Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
12 Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
13 Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
14 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
15 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
16 Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
17 Alfred Wegener Institute, Integrative Ecophysiology, Bremerhaven, Germany.
18 Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK.