The impact of state cannabis legislation, county-level socioeconomic and dog-level characteristics on reported cannabis poisonings of companion dogs in the USA (2009-2014)

Mohammad Howard-Azzeh; David L Pearl; Alexandra Swirski; Madeline Ward; Roksolana Hovdey; Terri L O'Sullivan; Olaf Berke

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250323

The impact of state cannabis legislation, county-level socioeconomic and dog-level characteristics on reported cannabis poisonings of companion dogs in the USA (2009-2014)

PLoS One. 2021 Apr 16;16(4):e0250323. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250323. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Mohammad Howard-Azzeh¹, David L Pearl¹, Alexandra Swirski¹, Madeline Ward², Roksolana Hovdey¹, Terri L O'Sullivan¹, Olaf Berke¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
² Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Abstract

With current trends in cannabis legalization, large efforts are being made to understand the effects of less restricted legislation on human consumption, health, and abuse of these products. Little is known about the effects of cannabis legalization and increased cannabis use on vulnerable populations, such as dogs. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different state-level cannabis legislation, county-level socioeconomic factors, and dog-level characteristics on dog cannabis poisoning reports to an animal poison control center (APCC). Data were obtained concerning reports of dog poisoning events, county characteristics, and state cannabis legislation from the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' (ASPCA) APCC, the US Census Bureau, and various public policy-oriented and government websites, respectively. A multilevel logistic regression model with random intercepts for county and state was fitted to investigate the associations between the odds of a call to the APCC being related to a dog being poisoned by a cannabis product and the following types of variables: dog characteristics, county-level socioeconomic characteristics, and the type of state-level cannabis legislation. There were significantly higher odds of a call being related to cannabis in states with lower penalties for cannabis use and possession. The odds of these calls were higher in counties with higher income variability, higher percentage of urban population, and among smaller, male, and intact dogs. These calls increased throughout the study period (2009-2014). Reporting of cannabis poisonings were more likely to come from veterinarians than dog owners. Reported dog poisonings due to cannabis appear to be influenced by dog-level and community-level factors. This study may increase awareness to the public, public health, and veterinary communities of the effects of recreational drug use on dog populations. This study highlights the need to educate dog owners about safeguarding cannabis products from vulnerable populations.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Animals
Cannabis / toxicity*
Dogs
Hypnotics and Sedatives / toxicity*
Legislation, Drug
Pets / metabolism*
Psychotropic Drugs / toxicity*
Socioeconomic Factors
United States / epidemiology

Substances

Hypnotics and Sedatives
Psychotropic Drugs

Grants and funding

This research was supported by a grant to DL Pearl from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Discovery NSERC grant) - http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/index_eng.asp. The funders played no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.