Two transcriptionally distinct pathways drive female development in a reptile with both genetic and temperature dependent sex determination

PLoS Genet. 2021 Apr 15;17(4):e1009465. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009465. eCollection 2021 Apr.

Abstract

How temperature determines sex remains unknown. A recent hypothesis proposes that conserved cellular mechanisms (calcium and redox; 'CaRe' status) sense temperature and identify genes and regulatory pathways likely to be involved in driving sexual development. We take advantage of the unique sex determining system of the model organism, Pogona vitticeps, to assess predictions of this hypothesis. P. vitticeps has ZZ male: ZW female sex chromosomes whose influence can be overridden in genetic males by high temperatures, causing male-to-female sex reversal. We compare a developmental transcriptome series of ZWf females and temperature sex reversed ZZf females. We demonstrate that early developmental cascades differ dramatically between genetically driven and thermally driven females, later converging to produce a common outcome (ovaries). We show that genes proposed as regulators of thermosensitive sex determination play a role in temperature sex reversal. Our study greatly advances the search for the mechanisms by which temperature determines sex.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Female
  • Lizards / genetics*
  • Lizards / growth & development
  • Male
  • Sex Chromosomes / genetics*
  • Sex Determination Analysis / methods
  • Sex Determination Processes / genetics*
  • Temperature
  • Transcription, Genetic / genetics
  • Transcriptome / genetics*

Grants and funding

This work was supported by a Discovery Grant from the Australian Research Council (DP170101147) awarded to AG (lead), CEH and JMG https://www.arc.gov.au/. SLW was supported by a CSIRO Research Plus Postgraduate Award https://www.csiro.au/en/Careers/Studentships/Postgraduate-scholarships and a Research Training Scholarship https://www.education.gov.au/research-training-program. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.