Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Friend or Foe-The Matter of Balance. Insight on History, Therapeutic Implications and COVID-19 Interactions

Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Mar 22;22(6):3217. doi: 10.3390/ijms22063217.

Fedor Simko^{1

2

3}, Jaroslav Hrenak^{1

4}, Michaela Adamcova⁵, Ludovit Paulis^{1

6}

¹ Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia.
² 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 83305 Bratislava, Slovakia.
³ Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia.
⁴ Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital-University Hospital of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
⁵ Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
⁶ Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia.

Abstract

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) ranks among the most challenging puzzles in cardiovascular medicine [...].