Background: The computed tomography angiography (CTA) spot sign is a validated predictor of hematoma expansion and 30-day mortality in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, whether the spot sign predicts worse functional outcomes among ICH survivors remains unclear. This study investigated the frequency of the spot sign and its association with functional outcomes and length of hospital stay among ICH survivors.
Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with primary ICH who received CTA within 24 h from presentation to admission to the emergency department of a single medical center between January 2007 and December 2017. Patients who died before discharge and those referred from other hospitals were excluded. CTAs with motion artifacts were excluded from the analysis. The presence of a spot sign was examined by an experienced neuroradiologist. Functional outcomes were determined based on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score and Barthel Index (BI). Severe dependency in activities of daily living (ADL) was defined as BI of ≤60 and severe disability as an mRS score of ≥4. Odds ratio (OR) and multiple linear regression were used as measures of association.
Results: In total, 66 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 9 (13.64%) were positive for a spot sign. No significant differences were observed in baseline characteristics between patients with and without a spot sign. Patients with a spot sign tended to be severely dependent in ADL at discharge (66.67% vs 41.07%; OR = 2.87; p = 0.15) and were more likely to require ICH-related surgery (66.67% vs 24.56%; OR = 6.14; p = 0.01). In multiple linear regression, patients with a higher spot sign score had a significantly longer hospital stay (coefficient = 9.57; 95% CI = 2.11-17.03; p = 0.013).
Conclusions: The presence of a spot sign is a common finding and is associated with longer hospital stay and possibly worse functional outcomes in ICH survivors.
Keywords: Functional outcome; Intracerebral hemorrhage; Prognosis; Spot sign; Survivors.