[Into thin air - Altitude training and hypoxic conditioning: From athlete to patient]

Abstract

Introduction: Hypoxic exposure should be considered as a continuum, the effects of which depend on the dose and individual response to hypoxia. Hypoxic conditioning (HC) represents an innovative and promising strategy, ranging from improved human performance to therapeutic applications.

State of the art: With the aim of improving sports performance, the effectiveness of hypoxic exposure, whether natural or simulated, is difficult to demonstrate because of the large variability of the protocols used. In therapeutics, the benefits of HC are described in many pathological conditions such as obesity or cardiovascular pathologies. If the HC benefits from a strong preclinical rationale, its application to humans remains limited.

Perspectives: Advances in training and acclimation will require greater personalization and precise periodization of hypoxic exposures. For patients, the harmonization of HC protocols, the identification of biomarkers and the development and subsequent validation of devices allowing a precise control of the hypoxic stimulus are necessary steps for the development of HC.

Conclusions: From the athlete to the patient, HC represents an innovative and promising field of research, ranging from the improvement of human performance to the prevention and treatment of certain pathologies.

Keywords: Altitude; Conditioning; Conditionnement; Entraînement; Facteurs de protection; Human; Hypoxia; Hypoxie; Protective factors; Training.