We propose a novel dual-channel fiber surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on a metalized core. Using a polymer, the cladding and coating layer of the sensor coated with a metal sensing film are restored. The parameters of the sensor are determined after studying the influence of different polymers and sensing films on the dynamic range and sensing sensitivity. A silver film coated with UV-curable adhesive and a gold film coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with respective sensing sensitivities of up to 1.39 and 1.48 nm/°C are selected after optimization to construct the dual-channel sensor. A dual-channel fiber SPR temperature compensation refractive index sensor with improved accuracy is then constructed with a 20-nm gold film for the refractive index sensing unit and a 50-nm gold film coated with PDMS for the temperature sensing unit. Owing to its complete fiber structure, the SPR sensor has good mechanical properties and high practical value, and it can be easily applied to real-time temperature measurements and temperature compensation in various fields.