COVID-19 Vaccines (Revisited) and Oral-Mucosal Vector System as a Potential Vaccine Platform

Muhammad Umer Ashraf; Yeji Kim; Sunil Kumar; Dongyeob Seo; Maryam Ashraf; Yong-Soo Bae

doi:10.3390/vaccines9020171

COVID-19 Vaccines (Revisited) and Oral-Mucosal Vector System as a Potential Vaccine Platform

Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Feb 18;9(2):171. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020171.

Authors

Muhammad Umer Ashraf^{1

2}, Yeji Kim^{1

2}, Sunil Kumar^{1

2}, Dongyeob Seo^{1

2}, Maryam Ashraf³, Yong-Soo Bae^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
² Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
³ Department of Dermatology, Pakistan Air Force (PAF) Hospital, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.

Abstract

There are several emerging strategies for the vaccination of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) however, only a few have yet shown promising effects. Thus, choosing the right pathway and the best prophylactic options in preventing COVID-19 is still challenging at best. Approximately, more than two-hundred vaccines are being tested in different countries, and more than fifty clinical trials are currently undergoing. In this review, we have summarized the immune-based strategies for the development of COVID-19 vaccines and the different vaccine candidate platforms that are in clinical stages of evaluation, and up to the recently licensed mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines of Pfizer-BioNtech and Moderna's. Lastly, we have briefly included the potentials of using the 'RPS-CTP vector system' for the development of a safe and effective oral mucosal COVID-19 vaccine as another vaccine platform.

Keywords: COVID-19; RPS-CTP vector system; humoral/CMI; licensed vaccines; oral-mucosal vaccine platform; vaccine candidates.

Publication types

Review

Abstract

Publication types

Grants and funding