Applications of 3D printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds in the stem cell field

Abstract

Due to traffic accidents, injuries, burns, congenital malformations and other reasons, a large number of patients with tissue or organ defects need urgent treatment every year. The shortage of donors, graft rejection and other problems cause a deficient supply for organ and tissue replacement, repair and regeneration of patients, so regenerative medicine came into being. Stem cell therapy plays an important role in the field of regenerative medicine, but it is difficult to fill large tissue defects by injection alone. The scientists combine three-dimensional (3D) printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds with stem cells to achieve the desired effect. These scaffolds can mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM), bone and cartilage, and eventually form functional tissues or organs by providing structural support and promoting attachment, proliferation and differentiation. This paper mainly discussed the applications of 3D printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds in stem cell regenerative medicine. The application examples of different 3D printing technologies and different raw materials are introduced and compared. Then we discuss the superiority of 3D printing technology over traditional methods, put forward some problems and limitations, and look forward to the future.

Keywords: 3D printing; 3D, three-dimensional; ABS, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene plastic; AM, additive manufacturing; ASCs, adult stem cells; Alg, alginate; BCP, biphasic calcium phosphate; BMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; Bone tissue engineering; CAD, computer-aided design; CAP, cold atmospheric plasma; CHMA, chitosan methacrylate; CT, computed tomography; DCM, dichloromethane; ECM, extracellular matrix; ESCs, embryonic stem cells; FDM, fused deposition molding; GO, graphene oxide; HA, hydroxyapatite; HAp, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles; HTy, 4-hydroxyphenethyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetate; LDM, Low Temperature Deposition Modeling; LIPUS, low intensity pulsed ultrasound; MBG/SA–SA, mesoporous bioactive glass/sodium alginate-sodium alginate; MSCs, Marrow stem cells; PC, Polycarbonate; PCL, polycraprolactone; PDA, polydopamine; PED, Precision Extrusion Deposition; PEG, Polyethylene glycol; PEGDA, poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate; PLGA, poly (lactide-co-glycolide); PLLA, poly l-lactide; PPSU, Polyphenylene sulfone resins; PRF, platelet-rich fibrin; PVA, polyvinyl alcohol; RAD16-I, a soft nanofibrous self-assembling peptide; SCAPs, human stem cells from the apical papilla; SF-BG, silk fibroin and silk fibroin-bioactive glass; SLA, Stereolithography; SLM, Selective Laser Melting; STL, standard tessellation language; Scaffold materials; Stem cells; TCP, β-tricalcium phosphate; dECM, decellularized bovine cartilage extracellular matrix; hADSC, human adipose derived stem cells; hMSCs, human mesenchymal stem cells; iPS, induced pluripotent stem; pcHμPs, novel self-healable pre-cross- linked hydrogel microparticles; rBMSCs, rat bone marrow stem cells.