Correlation of Demographics, Healthcare Availability, and COVID-19 Outcome: Indonesian Ecological Study

Gede Benny Setia Wirawan; Pande Putu Januraga

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.605290

Correlation of Demographics, Healthcare Availability, and COVID-19 Outcome: Indonesian Ecological Study

Front Public Health. 2021 Feb 1:9:605290. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.605290. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Gede Benny Setia Wirawan¹, Pande Putu Januraga^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Center for Public Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia.
² Discipline of Public Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.

Abstract

Objective: To analyze the correlation between demographic and healthcare availability indicators with COVID-19 outcome among Indonesian provinces. Methods: We employed an ecological study design to study the correlation between demographics, healthcare availability, and COVID-19 indicators. Demographic and healthcare indicators were obtained from the Indonesian Health Profile of 2019 by the Ministry of Health while COVID-19 indicators were obtained from the Indonesian COVID-19 website in August 31st 2020. Non-parametric correlation and multivariate regression analyses were conducted with IBM SPSS 23.0. Results: We found the number of confirmed cases and case growth to be significantly correlated with demographic indicators, especially with distribution of age groups. Confirmed cases and case growth was significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with population density (correlation coefficient of 0.461 and 0.491) and proportion of young people (-0.377; -0.394). Incidence and incidence growth were correlated with ratios of GPs (0.426; 0.534), hospitals (0.376; 0.431), primary care clinics (0.423; 0.424), and hospital beds (0.472; 0.599) per capita. For mortality, case fatality rate (CFR) was correlated with population density (0.390) whereas mortality rate was correlated with ratio of hospital beds (0.387). Multivariate analyses found confirmed case independently associated with population density (β of 0.638) and demographic structure (-0.289). Case growth was independently associated with density (0.763). Incidence growth was independently associated with hospital bed ratio (0.486). Conclusion: Pre-existing inequality of healthcare availability correlates with current reported incidence and mortality rate of COVID-19. Lack of healthcare availability in some provinces may have resulted in artificially low numbers of cases being diagnosed, lower demands for COVID-19 tests, and eventually lower case-findings.

Keywords: COVID-19; Indonesia; demographic; ecological study; healthcare availability.

MeSH terms

Adult
Age Distribution*
Aged
COVID-19 / epidemiology*
COVID-19 / mortality
Child
Health Services Accessibility*
Humans
Indonesia / epidemiology
Multivariate Analysis
Population Density*