Lipids in the origin of intracellular detail and speciation in the Cambrian epoch and the significance of the last double bond of docosahexaenoic acid in cell signaling

Abstract

One of the great unanswered biological questions is the absolute necessity of the polyunsaturated lipid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) in retinal and neural tissues. Everything from the simple eye spot of dinoflagellates to cephalopods to every class of vertebrates uses DHA, yet it is abundant only in cold water marine food chains. Docosapentaenoic acids (DPAs; 22:5n-6 and especially 22:5n-3) are fairly plentiful in food chains yet cannot substitute for DHA. About 600 million years ago, multi-cellular, air breathing systems evolved rapidly and 32 phyla came into existence in a short geological time span; the "Cambrian Explosion". Eukaryotic intracellular detail requires cell membranes, which are constructed of complex lipids, and proteins. Proteins and nucleic acids would have been abundant during the first 2.5-5 billion years of anaerobic life but lipids, especially unsaturated fatty acids, would not. We hypothesize lipid biology was a key driver of the Cambrian Explosion, because it alone provides for compartmentalization and specialization within cells DHA has six methylene interrupted double bonds providing controlled electron flow at precise energy levels; this is essential for visual acuity and truthful execution of the neural pathways which make up our recollections, information processing and consciousness. The last double bond is critical for the evolution and function of the photoreceptor and neuronal and synaptic signaling systems. It completes a quantum mechanical device for the regulation of current flow with absolute signal precision based on electron tunneling (ET). DHA's methylene interruption distance is < 6 Å, making ET transfer between the π-orbitals feasible throughout the molecule. The possibility fails if one double bond is removed and replaced by a saturated bond as in the DPAs. The molecular biophysical foundation of neural signaling can also include the discrete pattern of paired spin states that arise in the DHA double bond and methylene regions. The complexity depends upon the number of C13 and H1 molecular sites in which spin states are coupled. Electron wave harmonics with entanglement and cohesion provide a mechanism for learning and memory, and power cognition and complex human brain functions.

Keywords: Cambrian explosion; Cell membranes; Docosahexaenoic acid; Electron spin states; Electron tunneling: brain; Neural signal precision; Photoreception.