Floating treatment wetlands in domestic wastewater treatment as a decentralized sanitation alternative

Gislayne A Oliveira; Gustavo S Colares; Carlos A Lutterbeck; Naira Dell'Osbel; Ênio L Machado; Lucia R Rodrigues

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145609

Floating treatment wetlands in domestic wastewater treatment as a decentralized sanitation alternative

Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jun 15:773:145609. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145609. Epub 2021 Feb 4.

Authors

Gislayne A Oliveira¹, Gustavo S Colares², Carlos A Lutterbeck², Naira Dell'Osbel², Ênio L Machado², Lucia R Rodrigues³

Affiliations

¹ Postgraduate Program in Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av, Bento Gonçalves, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: gislaynealvesoliveira@gmail.com.
² Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Avenida Independência, 2293, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 96815-900, Brazil.
³ Postgraduate Program in Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av, Bento Gonçalves, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

PMID: 33582347
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145609

Abstract

Floating treatment wetlands (FTW) are technologies that have stood out for their efficiency, ease of installation and maintenance. They consist of macrophytes emerging in a floating structure that keep the plant roots in direct contact with the effluent regardless of the water flow variation over time, allowing the removal of pollutants by various processes. The application of FTWs for the treatment of domestic wastewater has the advantage of low costs in terms of removing nutrients and at the same time reducing the cost of maintenance and energy consumption when compared to the conventional centralized treatment of effluent. The lack of wastewater treatment in areas distant from urban centers is even more limited, mainly due to the high cost of tubing and pumps for the effluent to reach the treatment plants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to research FTW systems applied to the decentralized treatment of domestic wastewater. First, a bibliometric analysis was conducted comparing the main issues involving FTW, and the challenges regarding the integration of FTW and domestic wastewater treatment systems. The feasibility of the floating system as a decentralized treatment approach were discussed, as well as the removal of nutrients in domestic wastewater, which was the most covered topic by researchers who developed studies in the area. In addition, other technologies are being integrated into the phytoremediation systems seeking to improve the quality of the treated effluent and assessing the potential reuse in the homes where they are generated and treated, determining the costs and space requirements for the entire process. There is a large research gap regarding the treatment of domestic wastewater by FTW in decentralized systems, mainly in terms of operation, cost assessment and reuse Therefore, further investigations in order to better understand the performance of the process and the reactions that occur with physical, chemical and microbiological removal mechanisms are still necessary.

Keywords: Contaminant removal; Economic cost; Phytoremediation; Wastewater treatment; Water reuse.

Publication types

Review