Improving insect conservation across heterogeneous landscapes using species-habitat networks

Andree Cappellari; Lorenzo Marini

doi:10.7717/peerj.10563

Improving insect conservation across heterogeneous landscapes using species-habitat networks

PeerJ. 2021 Jan 5:9:e10563. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10563. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Andree Cappellari¹, Lorenzo Marini¹

Affiliation

¹ Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy.

Abstract

Background: One of the biggest challenges in conservation is to manage multiple habitats for the effective conservation of multiple species, especially when the focal species are mobile and use multiple resources across heterogeneous protected areas. The application of ecological network tools and the analysis of the resulting species-habitat networks can help to describe such complex spatial associations and improve the conservation of species at the landscape scale.

Methods: To exemplify the application of species-habitat networks, we present a case study on butterflies inhabiting multiple grassland types across a heterogeneous protected area in North-East Italy. We sampled adult butterflies in 44 sites, each belonging to one of the five major habitat types in the protected area, that is, disturbed grasslands, continuous grasslands, evolved grasslands, hay meadows and wet meadows. First, we applied traditional diversity analyses to explore butterfly species richness and evenness. Second, we built and analyzed both the unipartite network, linking habitat patches via shared species, and the bipartite network, linking species to individual habitat patches.

Aims: (i) To describe the emerging properties (connectance, modularity, nestedness, and robustness) of the species-habitat network at the scale of the whole protected area, and (ii) to identify the key habitats patches for butterfly conservation across the protected area, that is, those supporting the highest number of species and those with unique species assemblages (e.g., hosting specialist species).

Results: The species-habitat network appeared to have a weak modular structure, meaning that the main habitat types tended to host different species assemblages. However, the habitats also shared a large proportion of species that were able to visit multiple habitats and use resources across the whole study area. Even butterfly species typically considered as habitat specialists were actually observed across multiple habitat patches, suggesting that protecting them only within their focal habitat might be ineffective. Our species-habitat network approach helped identifying both central habitat patches that were able to support the highest number of species, and habitat patches that supported rare specialist species.

Keywords: Butterflies; Calcareous grasslands; Centrality; Community detection; Meadows; Network analysis.

Grants and funding

The research was part of the project “Studio della biodiversità e delle relazioni tra i Lepidotteri Ropaloceri (Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) e la vegetazione e dell’impatto delle principali pressioni antropiche” (management plan of the SIC-IT 3310009 “Magredi del Cellina” and the SPA-IT 33110011 “Magredi di Pordenone”), fully funded by the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region to Lorenzo Marini and Paolo Paolucci (University of Padua). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.