Objectives: To test the hypotheses that estimated mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) decreases and pulmonary vascular maturation, assessed by the ratio of pulmonary arterial flow acceleration time to ejection time (AT/ET ratio), increases after reversal of fetal ductus arteriosus constriction by reducing maternal intake of the causal agent (prostaglandin inhibitors, such as polyphenol-rich foods or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and that these effects are independent of gestational age, which are inferences not yet demonstrated in the clinical setting.
Methods: This was a prospective cohort study comparing Doppler echocardiographic ductal flow dynamics, MPAP and pulmonary arterial flow AT/ET ratio in third-trimester fetuses (≥ 28 weeks' gestation) with ductus arteriosus constriction, at the time of diagnosis and after 2 weeks of reduced maternal intake of prostaglandin inhibitors either by suspending the use of pharmacological agents with potential for prostaglandin inhibition or by restricting the consumption of polyphenol-rich foods. MPAP was estimated using the Dabestani equation (MPAP = 90 - (0.62 × AT)), and pulmonary vascular maturity was assessed using the AT/ET ratio, according to reported validation studies. Student's t-test was used for comparison of variables at diagnosis with those after reversal of ductal constriction. Change in MPAP and pulmonary AT/ET ratio between the two assessments was compared with the expected change in the same gestational period in normal fetuses based on reference curves of MPAP and pulmonary AT/ET ratio constructed in normal fetuses from healthy pregnant women at 19-37 weeks' gestation, encompassing the same gestational age range as the study group (28-37 weeks).
Results: Seventy pregnancies with fetal ductus arteriosus constriction were included in the study. After 2 weeks of reduced maternal intake of prostaglandin inhibitors, normalization of mean systolic (change from 1.86 ± 0.34 m/s at diagnosis to 1.38 ± 0.41 m/s; P < 0.001) and diastolic (change from 0.41 ± 0.11 m/s to 0.21 ± 0.065 m/s; P < 0.001) ductal velocities and of mean pulsatility index (change from 1.99 ± 0.20 to 2.55 ± 0.42; P < 0.001) was demonstrated. MPAP decreased between the assessments (change from 66.7 ± 6.90 mmHg at diagnosis to 54.5 ± 6.70 mmHg after 2 weeks; P < 0.001) and mean pulmonary AT/ET ratio increased (change from 0.20 ± 0.06 to 0.33 ± 0.07; P < 0.001). Change in MPAP between diagnosis and after 2 weeks of reduced maternal intake of prostaglandin inhibitors was -12.2 ± 0.30 mmHg, which was 5.3-times higher than that in 305 normal fetuses over 2 weeks during the same gestational period (-2.3 ± 0.19 mmHg) (P < 0.001), and change in pulmonary AT/ET ratio between the two assessments was 0.13 ± 0.08, which was 8.7-times higher than that in normal fetuses in the same gestational period (0.015 ± 0.08) (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: Resolution of fetal ductal constriction is followed by a fall in MPAP and by an increase in pulmonary vascular maturity, to a significantly greater degree than is observed in normal fetuses in the same gestational-age period. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Keywords: constriction; ductus arteriosus; fetal heart; fetal organ maturity; polyphenols; prostaglandins; pulmonary hypertension.
© 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.