Relevance of oxidative stress in inhibition of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation and stress granules formation during Usutu virus infection

PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Jan 25;15(1):e0009072. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009072. eCollection 2021 Jan.

Abstract

Usutu virus (USUV) is an African mosquito-borne flavivirus closely related to West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and dengue viruses. USUV emerged in 1996 in Europe, where quickly spread across the continent causing a considerable number of bird deaths and varied neurological disorders in humans, including encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, or facial paralysis, thus warning about USUV as a potential health threat. USUV replication takes place on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of infected cells, inducing ER stress and resulting in the activation of stress-related cellular pathways collectively known as the integrated stress response (ISR). The alpha subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2 (eIF2α), the core factor in this pathway, is phosphorylated by stress activated kinases: protein kinase R (PKR), PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), heme-regulated inhibitor kinase (HRI), and general control non-repressed 2 kinase (GCN2). Its phosphorylation results, among others, in the downstream inhibition of translation with accumulation of discrete foci in the cytoplasm termed stress granules (SGs). Our results indicated that USUV infection evades cellular stress response impairing eIF2α phosphorylation and SGs assembly induced by treatment with the HRI activator ArsNa. This protective effect was related with oxidative stress responses in USUV-infected cells. Overall, these results provide new insights into the complex connections between the stress response and flavivirus infection in order to maintain an adequate cellular environment for viral replication.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Monoclonal
  • Chlorocebus aethiops
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum / metabolism
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
  • Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 / metabolism*
  • Flavivirus
  • Flavivirus Infections / metabolism*
  • Flavivirus Infections / virology
  • Humans
  • Mice
  • Oxidative Stress / physiology*
  • Phosphorylation
  • Vero Cells
  • Virus Replication

Substances

  • Antibodies, Monoclonal
  • Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2

Supplementary concepts

  • Usutu virus

Grants and funding

This work was supported by grants RTA2015-009 (J-C. S.) and E-RTA20017-003-C02 (J-C. S.) from INIA, PID2019-105117RR-C21 (HOSTMEVIR) (J-C. S.) from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, COV20/00183 (J-C. S.) from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and S2018/BAA-4370 (PLATESA-2) (J-C. S.) from the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.