We compared the perioperative and oncological outcomes of radical nephroureterectomy for renal pelvic and ureteral cancer between octogenarians and younger patients. We examined 146 patients attending our hospital from January 2012 to December 2019. The octogenarian group included 48 patients and the control group (younger patients) 98 patients. The median body mass index (BMI) (21.2 vs 23.4 kg/m^2, p<0.001), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (p=0.044), preoperative albumin concentration (p=0.04) and operation time (287 vs 314 min, p=0.029) differed significantly between the two groups. However, there were no significant differences in perioperative complications between the two groups. According to multivariable analysis of overall survival, pT3 or higher pathology was a significant indicator of poor prognosis in all patients. In the octogenarian group alone, perioperative transfusion was the only other factor significantly associated with prognosis, whereas anti-CD55 monoclonal antibody (RM1) was a significant factor in the control group. There were significant differences between the octogenarian and control groups with respect to overall survival in those with pT2 or below stage disease (60.2% vs 87.5%, p=0.049), but not to cancer-specific survival (≤pT2 : 73.5% vs 94.2%, p=0.202 ≥pT3 : 72.2% vs 63.8%, p=0. 87). Our findings indicate that nephroureterectomy is a safe and efficient procedure for selected octogenarian patients.