1 Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; California Center for Population Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States. Electronic address: akihironishi@ucla.edu.
2 Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States. Electronic address: lfl1844@g.ucla.edu.
3 Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-0826, Japan. Electronic address: hyg033@osaka-med.ac.jp.
4 Institute for Sustainable Society, Meguro, Tokyo 153-0051, Japan. Electronic address: yohsuke.takasaki@iss.or.jp.
5 University of California Institute for Prediction Technology, Department of Informatics, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92868, United States. Electronic address: syoung5@hs.uci.edu.