Caffeine-containing, nutritionally fortified energy shots are consumed at high rates by adolescents, yet little is known about their metabolic impact. The purpose of this study was to examine the consequences of small format, caffeinated energy shots on glucose metabolism and gastrointestinal hormone secretion in adolescents. Twenty participants aged 13-19 years participated in a double-blind, randomized cross-over study consisting of two trials separated by 1-4 weeks. Participants consumed a volume-matched caffeinated energy shot (CAF, 5 mg/kg) or a decaffeinated energy shot (DECAF) followed by a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test. Blood samples were collected and area under the curve (AUC) calculated for glucose, insulin and gut and metabolic hormones. Consumption of CAF resulted in a 25% increase in glucose and a 26% increase in insulin area under the curve (AUC, p = 0.037; p < 0.0001) compared to DECAF. No impact on gut hormones was observed. To further characterize responses, individuals were classified as either slow or fast caffeine metabolizers based on an allele score. Glucose intolerance was greater in genetically fast vs. slow caffeine metabolizers and differences between groups were supported by distinct serum metabolomics separation. Consumption of caffeine-containing energy shots results in acute impaired glucoregulation in healthy adolescents as characterized by hyperinsulinemia following an oral glucose challenge.
Keywords: adolescent; adverse reaction; energy drink; metabolomics; pediatrics.