Apelin-13 inhibits apoptosis and excessive autophagy in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Zi-Qi Shao; Shan-Shan Dou; Jun-Ge Zhu; Hui-Qing Wang; Chun-Mei Wang; Bao-Hua Cheng; Bo Bai

doi:10.4103/1673-5374.300725

Apelin-13 inhibits apoptosis and excessive autophagy in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Neural Regen Res. 2021 Jun;16(6):1044-1051. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.300725.

Authors

Zi-Qi Shao¹, Shan-Shan Dou², Jun-Ge Zhu¹, Hui-Qing Wang¹, Chun-Mei Wang², Bao-Hua Cheng², Bo Bai²

Affiliations

¹ Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
² Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China.

Abstract

Apelin-13 is a novel endogenous ligand for an angiotensin-like orphan G-protein coupled receptor, and it may be neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia injury. However, the precise mechanisms of the effects of apelin-13 remain to be elucidated. To investigate the effects of apelin-13 on apoptosis and autophagy in models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, a rat model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Apelin-13 (50 μg/kg) was injected into the right ventricle as a treatment. In addition, an SH-SY5Y cell model was established by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion, with cells first cultured in sugar-free medium with 95% N₂ and 5% CO₂ for 4 hours and then cultured in a normal environment with sugar-containing medium for 5 hours. This SH-SY5Y cell model was treated with 10^-7 M apelin-13 for 5 hours. Results showed that apelin-13 protected against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Apelin-13 treatment alleviated neuronal apoptosis by increasing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and significantly decreasing cleaved caspase-3 expression. In addition, apelin-13 significantly inhibited excessive autophagy by regulating the expression of LC3B, p62, and Beclin1. Furthermore, the expression of Bcl-2 and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway was markedly increased. Both LY294002 (20 μM) and rapamycin (500 nM), which are inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, significantly attenuated the inhibition of autophagy and apoptosis caused by apelin-13. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that Bcl-2 upregulation and mTOR signaling pathway activation lead to the inhibition of apoptosis and excessive autophagy. These effects are involved in apelin-13-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, both in vivo and in vitro. The study was approved by the Animal Ethical and Welfare Committee of Jining Medical University, China (approval No. 2018-JS-001) in February 2018.

Keywords: apoptosis; autophagy; brain; brain injury; central nervous system; factor; neuroprotection; pathways; regeneration.