A chronicle of SARS-CoV-2: Seasonality, environmental fate, transport, inactivation, and antiviral drug resistance

Manish Kumar; Payal Mazumder; Sanjeeb Mohapatra; Alok Kumar Thakur; Kiran Dhangar; Kaling Taki; Santanu Mukherjee; Arbind Kumar Patel; Prosun Bhattacharya; Pranab Mohapatra; Jörg Rinklebe; Masaaki Kitajima; Faisal I Hai; Anwar Khursheed; Hiroaki Furumai; Christian Sonne; Keisuke Kuroda

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124043

A chronicle of SARS-CoV-2: Seasonality, environmental fate, transport, inactivation, and antiviral drug resistance

J Hazard Mater. 2021 Mar 5:405:124043. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124043. Epub 2020 Oct 6.

Authors

Manish Kumar¹, Payal Mazumder², Sanjeeb Mohapatra³, Alok Kumar Thakur⁴, Kiran Dhangar⁴, Kaling Taki⁵, Santanu Mukherjee⁴, Arbind Kumar Patel⁴, Prosun Bhattacharya⁶, Pranab Mohapatra⁵, Jörg Rinklebe⁷, Masaaki Kitajima⁸, Faisal I Hai⁹, Anwar Khursheed¹⁰, Hiroaki Furumai¹¹, Christian Sonne¹², Keisuke Kuroda¹³

Affiliations

¹ Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India. Electronic address: manish.env@gmail.com.
² Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
³ Environmnetal Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
⁴ Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India.
⁵ Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India.
⁶ Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷ Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42285, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, University of Sejong, Seoul, South Korea.
⁸ Division of Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
⁹ Wollongong, Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
¹⁰ Department of Civil Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹¹ Research Centre for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
¹² Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
¹³ Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama 9390398, Japan.

Abstract

In this review, we present the environmental perspectives of the viruses and antiviral drugs related to SARS-CoV-2. The present review paper discusses occurrence, fate, transport, susceptibility, and inactivation mechanisms of viruses in the environment as well as environmental occurrence and fate of antiviral drugs, and prospects (prevalence and occurrence) of antiviral drug resistance (both antiviral drug resistant viruses and antiviral resistance in the human). During winter, the number of viral disease cases and environmental occurrence of antiviral drug surge due to various biotic and abiotic factors such as transmission pathways, human behaviour, susceptibility, and immunity as well as cold climatic conditions. Adsorption and persistence critically determine the fate and transport of viruses in the environment. Inactivation and disinfection of virus include UV, alcohol, and other chemical-base methods but the susceptibility of virus against these methods varies. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major reserviors of antiviral drugs and their metabolites and transformation products. Ecotoxicity of antiviral drug residues against aquatic organisms have been reported, however more threatening is the development of antiviral resistance, both in humans and in wild animal reservoirs. In particular, emergence of antiviral drug-resistant viruses via exposure of wild animals to high loads of antiviral residues during the current pandemic needs further evaluation.

Keywords: Antiviral drugs; COVID-19; Coronavirs; Ecotoxicity; Persistance; Virus; Water; resistance.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Adsorption
Animals
Antiviral Agents* / chemistry
Antiviral Agents* / therapeutic use
Antiviral Agents* / toxicity
Aquatic Organisms / drug effects
COVID-19 / epidemiology
COVID-19 / etiology
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Drug Resistance, Viral / drug effects*
Ecotoxicology
Environmental Microbiology*
Environmental Pollutants* / chemistry
Environmental Pollutants* / therapeutic use
Environmental Pollutants* / toxicity
Humans
SARS-CoV-2* / drug effects
SARS-CoV-2* / pathogenicity
Seasons
Virus Inactivation* / drug effects
Virus Inactivation* / radiation effects
Water Purification

Substances

Antiviral Agents
Environmental Pollutants