Inorganic nanosheets are endowed with many two-dimensional (2D) morphological features including ultra-high specific surface area, ultra-thin thickness, easy functionalization, and so on. They push forward an immense influence on effective cancer diagnosis and therapy, overcoming the inherent limitations of traditional treatment methods. However, long-term toxicity and poor biocompatibility are the critical issues for most inorganic nanosheets, which hinder their further oncological applications and clinical translations. Muscovite, also named white mica (WM), an aluminosilicate, is a major component of traditional Chinese medicine, which can be exfoliated into 2D nanosheets and expected to be a potential drug carrier. In this study, WM powder was exfoliated to prepare WM nanosheets (WMNs) through a polyamine intercalation method. In addition, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox) was loaded to WMNs via physical adsorption and electrostatic interaction to prepare Dox-loaded WMNs (Dox@WMNs). Then, we studied that Dox@WMNs released Dox in phosphate buffer saline. We also studied the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of Dox@WMNs in vitro. The results illustrated that Dox@WMNs cumulatively released Dox much faster and more at acidic pH (6.0 and 4.6) compared with that at physiological pH. In addition, WMNs showed selective cytotoxicity. Within a certain concentration range, WMNs were cytotoxic to Hela cells but non-cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells. Compared with cytotoxicity at pH 7.4, the cytotoxicity of Dox@WMNs was significantly enhanced at pH 6.4 and 4.6. WMNs mainly promoted the immunostimulatory polarization of RAW 264.7 cells into M1 macrophages.