Spooky Interaction at a Distance in Cave and Surface Dwelling Electric Fishes

Eric S Fortune; Nicole Andanar; Manu Madhav; Ravikrishnan P Jayakumar; Noah J Cowan; Maria Elina Bichuette; Daphne Soares

doi:10.3389/fnint.2020.561524

Spooky Interaction at a Distance in Cave and Surface Dwelling Electric Fishes

Front Integr Neurosci. 2020 Oct 22:14:561524. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2020.561524. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Eric S Fortune¹, Nicole Andanar¹, Manu Madhav², Ravikrishnan P Jayakumar², Noah J Cowan², Maria Elina Bichuette³, Daphne Soares¹

Affiliations

¹ Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States.
² Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
³ Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.

Abstract

Glass knifefish (Eigenmannia) are a group of weakly electric fishes found throughout the Amazon basin. Their electric organ discharges (EODs) are energetically costly adaptations used in social communication and for localizing conspecifics and other objects including prey at night and in turbid water. Interestingly, a troglobitic population of blind cavefish Eigenmannia vicentespelea survives in complete darkness in a cave system in central Brazil. We examined the effects of troglobitic conditions, which includes a complete loss of visual cues and potentially reduced food sources, by comparing the behavior and movement of freely behaving cavefish to a nearby epigean (surface) population (Eigenmannia trilineata). We found that the strengths of electric discharges in cavefish were greater than in surface fish, which may result from increased reliance on electrosensory perception, larger size, and sufficient food resources. Surface fish were recorded while feeding at night and did not show evidence of territoriality, whereas cavefish appeared to maintain territories. Surprisingly, we routinely found both surface and cavefish with sustained differences in EOD frequencies that were below 10 Hz despite being within close proximity of about 50 cm. A half century of analysis of electrosocial interactions in laboratory tanks suggest that these small differences in EOD frequencies should have triggered the "jamming avoidance response," a behavior in which fish change their EOD frequencies to increase the difference between individuals. Pairs of fish also showed significant interactions between EOD frequencies and relative movements at large distances, over 1.5 m, and at high differences in frequencies, often >50 Hz. These interactions are likely "envelope" responses in which fish alter their EOD frequency in relation to higher order features, specifically changes in the depth of modulation, of electrosocial signals.

Keywords: cavefish; diceCT; envelope; epigean; gymnotiformes; jamming avoidance response; troglobitic; weakly electric fish.