[Differential health effects of alcoholic beverages: an umbrella review of observational studies]

Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2020 Nov 13:94:e202011147.
[Article in Spanish]

Abstract

Background: There is great controversy about whether the consumption of different types of alcoholic beverages has different effects on health. The objective was to carry out an umbrella review of the studies that described the association between the consumption of different types of alcoholic beverages and various health indicators.

Methods: Search through PubMed (from January 2000 to February 2019) of systematic reviews and meta-analysis that reported quantitative results of the association between the consumption of different types of alcoholic beverages and health effects. 26 studies were identified: 21 related to cancer, three to cardiometabolic diseases, two to neurodegenerative diseases, and one to general mortality.

Results: The results were heterogeneous. The great methodological differences in the estimation of alcohol intake, control of confounding variables, and the evaluation of statistical difference between types of beverages, made it very difficult to conclude whether they cause an unequal effect on health. In general mortality and cardiometabolic diseases, it was suggested that beer and spirits appear to have a greater negative effect than wine, but the differences were not statistically significant. Regarding cancer, in those types where the causal evidence is totally consistent: oropharynx, colorectal and breast (women), the reviews did not show a differentiated effect according to the type of alcoholic beverages. Regarding neurodegenerative diseases, the available information did not allow clear conclusions to be drawn.

Conclusions: The reviewed evidence does not allow to conclude that the consumption of wine, beer or spirits, has a differential effect on cardiometabolic, cancer or neurodegenerative diseases.

Objetivo: Existe gran controversia sobre si el consumo de diversos tipos de bebidas alcohólicas tiene efectos diferenciados en la salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión paraguas de los estudios que describían la asociación del consumo de diferentes tipos de bebidas alcohólicas con diversos indicadores de salud.

Metodos: Se realizó una búsqueda a través de PubMed (entre enero de 2000 y febrero de 2019) de revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis que reportaban resultados cuantitativos de la asociación entre el consumo de diferentes tipos de bebidas alcohólicas y efectos en salud. Se identificaron 26 estudios: veintiuno estaban relacionados con cáncer, tres con enfermedades cardiometabólicas, dos con neurodegenerativas y uno con mortalidad general.

Resultados: Los resultados fueron heterogéneos. Las grandes diferencias metodológicas en la estimación de la ingesta de alcohol, el control de las variables confusoras y el contraste de las estimaciones entre el tipo de bebidas hacían muy difícil concluir sobre si provocaban un efecto desigual en la salud. En la mortalidad general y las enfermedades cardiometabólicas, aunque parece que la cerveza y los licores tenían un mayor efecto negativo que el vino, las diferencias entre tipos de bebidas no eran estadísticamente significativas. Respecto al cáncer, en aquellos tipos cuya evidencia causal era totalmente consistente (orofaringe, colorrectal y de mama [mujeres]), las revisiones no mostraban un efecto diferenciado según los tipos de bebidas alcohólicas. Respecto a las enfermedades neurodegenerativas, la información disponible tampoco permitía establecer claras conclusiones.

Conclusiones: La evidencia revisada no permite afirmar que el consumo de vino, cerveza o licores tenga un efecto diferencial en las enfermedades cardiometabólicas, las neurodegenerativas o el cáncer.

Keywords: Alcoholic beverages; Cancer; Cardiometabolic diseases; Health effects; Neurodegenerative diseases; Spain; Umbrella review.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Alcohol Drinking / adverse effects*
  • Alcoholic Beverages / adverse effects*
  • Beer / adverse effects
  • Health Status Disparities*
  • Humans
  • Observational Studies as Topic
  • Spain
  • Wine / adverse effects