Comparative anatomy and morphology of the knee in translational models for articular cartilage disorders. Part II: Small animals

Abstract

Background: Small animal models are critical to model the complex disease mechanisms affecting a functional joint leading to articular cartilage disorders. They are advantageous for several reasons and significantly contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms of cartilage diseases among which osteoarthritis.

Methods: Literature search in Pubmed.

Results and discussion: This narrative review summarizes the most relevant anatomical structural and functional characteristics of the knee (stifle) joints of the major small animal species, including mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits compared with humans. Specific characteristics of each species, including kinematical gait parameters are provided and compared with the human situation. When placed in a proper context respecting their challenges and limitations, small animal models are important and appropriate models for articular cartilage disorders.

Keywords: Small animal model; articular cartilage; human; knee; osteochondral unit; range of motion; subchondral bone.