Fever and inflammatory responses were observed in some subjects in early clinical trials of vaccines adjuvanted with muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a NOD2 agonist. Biosynthesis of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) that transmits febrile signals to the brain is controlled by an inducible enzyme, Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). MDP alone was not sufficient to induce expression of COX-2 and PGE2 production in vitro. Conditioned medium prepared from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs)-derived CD3-bead purified human T cells (TCM) dramatically increased COX2 gene transcription, COX-2 protein expression, and PGE2 production in MDP-treated monocytes. We explored epigenetic changes at the COX2 promoter using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP). Increase in COX2 transcription correlated with increased recruitment of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and p300 histone acetyl transferase (HAT) to the COX2 promoter in monocytes activated with MDP and TCM. The role of p300 HAT was confirmed by using C646, an inhibitor of p300, that reduced binding of acetylated H3 and H4 histones at the COX2 promoter, COX2 transcription, and PGE2 production in monocytes. Binding of p300, Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB), and Pol II to the COX2 promoter was also sensitive to inhibitors of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway and to antibodies against Macrophage-1 (Mac-1) integrin in MDP/TCM-treated monocytes. Importantly, recombinant Glycoprotein Ib alfa (GPIbα), the recently identified factor in TCM, increased binding of NF-κB, p300, and of Pol II to the COX2 promoter and COX2 transcription in MDP-treated monocytes. Our findings suggest that a second signal through Mac-1 and MAPK is triggered by a T cell derived soluble GPIbα protein leading to the assembly of the transcription machinery at the COX2 promoter and production of PGE2 in human monocytes in response to MDP/NOD2 activation.
Keywords: COX2 transcription; Human monocytes; Muramyl dipeptide; NOD2 agonist; PGE2; Vaccine adjuvants; p300 HAT.
Published by Elsevier Ltd.