Background: Safety of live vaccines in patients treated with immunosuppressive therapies is not well known, resulting in contradictory vaccination recommendations. We describe here the first case of vaccine-associated measles in a patient on natalizumab treatment.
Case presentation: A young female patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis on natalizumab treatment received the live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine in preparation for a change in her treatment in favour of fingolimod, with established immunosuppressive qualities. Seven days after receiving the vaccine, our patient experienced diffuse muscle pain, fatigue, and thereafter developed a fever and then an erythematous maculopapular rash, compatible with vaccine associated measles. This was later confirmed by a positive measles RT-PCR throat swab. The patient's symptoms resolved without any sequelae.
Conclusion: In this case report we review the immunosuppressive qualities of natalizumab and the evidence in favour and against live vaccines in patients on this treatment. Our findings reveal the insufficient understanding of the immunosuppressive effects of new immunomodulators, and thus of the safety of live vaccines in patients on such medications. While this case triggers precaution, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that natalizumab treatment could favor the onset of vaccine-associated measles.
Keywords: Case report; Immunosuppression; Measles; Measles mumps rubella vaccine; Multiple sclerosis; Natalizumab; Vaccine; Vaccine adverse event.