A Novel, Simple, Frequent Oral Cleaning Method Reduces Damaging Bacteria in the Dental Microbiota

Pranav Chhaliyil; Kael F Fischer; Bernd Schoel; Pradheep Chhalliyil

doi:10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_31_20

A Novel, Simple, Frequent Oral Cleaning Method Reduces Damaging Bacteria in the Dental Microbiota

J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2020 Aug 6;10(4):511-519. doi: 10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_31_20. eCollection 2020 Jul-Aug.

Authors

Pranav Chhaliyil¹, Kael F Fischer², Bernd Schoel³, Pradheep Chhalliyil³

Affiliations

¹ MSAE School, Fairfield, Iowa, USA.
² Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake, Utah, USA.
³ Foodchain ID, Fairfield, Iowa, USA.

Abstract

Aim: Dental diseases can be prevented by reducing early bacterial colonization in biofilm, a precursor to mature dental plaque. Most studies on dental disease pathogenesis focus on mature plaque and fail to address the impact of oral cleaning on biofilm formation. Here we used next-generation metagenomics to assess the effects of a new method of regular, simple biofilm disruption on the oral metagenome.

Materials and methods: This was a randomized, controlled study of 45 healthy children divided into three groups. Participants avoided oral cleaning for 3 days and then performed 10 days of oral cleaning either by: (1) brushing and tongue cleaning twice a day (BT) with toothpaste; (2) Gum and tooth rubbing with Index Finger Tongue cleaning and water Swishing (GIFTS) after each meal, snack, and drink; or (3) GIFTS twice a day with nano-charcoal and tongue cleaning (CT) (n = 15 per group). Saliva, plaque, and tongue scraping samples were collected on day 0 and 10 for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and next-generation metagenomics sequencing to analyze microbiome taxa differences between groups.

Results: GIFTS more significantly reduced (P < 0.004) total bacteria in saliva than BT (P < 0.02). Metagenomics revealed a significant reduction in Firmicutes in GIFTS and CT tongue samples compared to BT samples. BT and CT saliva samples showed significantly more Streptococcus species than GIFTS saliva samples. In the plaque samples, GIFTS cleaning significantly reduced early colonizers, including Streptococcus, compared to the BT and CT methods.

Conclusion: Here, we introduce the "frequent disruption of biofilm" concept for enhanced oral hygiene. GIFTS can be used to prevent early bacterial colonization of biofilm and plaque formation in both small children and adults. Frequent biofilm disturbance more effectively disrupts early bacterial colonization than twice oral cleaning, is nonabrasive, and is, therefore, a practical and straightforward complement to regular toothbrushing for improved oral hygiene and disease prevention.

Keywords: Caries; Gum and tooth rubbing with Index Finger Tongue cleaning and water Swishing (GIFTS); charcoal; dental hygiene; swishing; tongue.