Bioinorganic chemistry of open-angle glaucoma: A review

Abstract

At present, physical methods of chemical analysis are constantly improving providing large amount of data on elemental composition of organs and tissues. However, only few works describe the correlation (or the potential connection) between the general or local bioelemental imbalances and specific biochemical reactions that are involved in pathogenesis of certain diseases. This review describes primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) - one of the most common ophthalmic diseases - in terms of elemental chemistry. The authors look into the impact that various subgroups of elements have on passive and active processes of homeostasis regulation and hydrodynamic balance in the eye. Alkaline metals and their analogues (K, Na, Li, Rb, Cs) influence hydrostatics and hydrodynamics by means of both K-Na pumps and osmosis. Alkaline-earth elements and their analogues (Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba, Be) are involved in biomineralization and intercellular interaction in the drainage areas. Chalcophile metals and their analogues (Zn, Cu, Hg, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb, Mo, Sb) regulate redox reactions. They are the cofactors of enzymes that support structural homeostasis of the drainage area. Siderophile metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Rh) regulate oxidation-reduction reactions, including those associated with limited nutrition of tissues in glaucoma. The role of amphoteric metals and nonmetals (Al, Si, Ga, V, TI, Sn, Ge, Zr, W) in POAG has not been described properly, but they were noted to participate in mineralization. Structure-forming non-metals and their analogues (N, S, Se, As) are directly involved in the formation of protein and non-protein aggregates that prevent aqueous humor outflow. The specific role of phosphorus in the pathogenesis of glaucoma has not been described previously. The authors analyze the involvement of phosphorus in energy-dependent processes of cellular activity, which are aimed at the reprocessing of aggregates that cause aqueous humor retention.

Keywords: Normal tension glaucoma; Primary open-angle glaucoma; Pseudoexfoliation syndrome; Pseudoexfoliative glaucoma; Trace elements.