Recent advances in process engineering and upcoming applications of metal-organic frameworks

Abstract

Progress in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has advanced from fundamental chemistry to engineering processes and applications, resulting in new industrial opportunities. The unique features of MOFs, such as their permanent porosity, high surface area, and structural flexibility, continue to draw industrial interest outside the traditional MOF field, both to solve existing challenges and to create new businesses. In this context, diverse research has been directed toward commercializing MOFs, but such studies have been performed according to a variety of individual goals. Therefore, there have been limited opportunities to share the challenges, goals, and findings with most of the MOF field. In this review, we examine the issues and demands for MOF commercialization and investigate recent advances in MOF process engineering and applications. Specifically, we discuss the criteria for MOF commercialization from the views of stability, producibility, regulations, and production cost. This review covers progress in the mass production and formation of MOFs along with future applications that are not currently well known but have high potential for new areas of MOF commercialization.

Keywords: 2,4-DNT, 2,4-dinitrotoluene; 4-NP, 4-nitrophenol; ABS, acrylonitril-butadiene-styrene; BET, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller; CA, Cellulose-acetate; CEES, 2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide; CIE, Commission international ed’Eclairage; CNF, Cellulose nanofiber; CNG, compressed natural gas; CVD, Chemical vapor deposition; CWA, Chemical warfare agent; CWC, Chemical weapons convention; Commercialization; DCP, Diethylchlorophosphonate; DDM, n-dodecyl β-D-maltoside; DEF, N,N-Diethyl formamide; DFP, Diisopropyl fluorophosphate; DFT, Density functional theory; DIFP, Diisopropylfluorophosphate; DLS, Dynamic light scattering; DMA, Dimethylacetamide; DMF, N,N-Dimethyl formamide; DMMP, Dimethyl methylphosphonate; DRIFTS, Diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy; Dispersion; E. Coli, Escherichia coli; ECS, Extrusion-crushing-sieving; EDLCs, Electrochemical double-layer capacitors; EPA, Environmental protection agency; EXAFS, Extended X-ray absorption fine structure; FT-IR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; Fn, Fusobacterium nucleatum; Future applications; GC–MS, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; GRGDS, Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser; ILDs, Interlayer dielectrics; ITRS, International technology roadmap for semiconductors; LED, Light-emitting diode; LIBs, Lithium-ion batteries; LMOF, Luminescent metal–organic framework; LOD, Limit of detection; MB, methylene blue; MBC, Minimum bactericidal concentration; MIC, Minimum inhibitory concentration; MIM, Metal-insulator–metal; MMP, Methyl methylphosphonate; MOF, metal–organic framework; MOGs, Metal-organic gels; MRA, mesoporous ρ-alumina; MRSA, Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus; MVTR, Moisture vapor transport rate; Mass production; Metal–organic framework; NMP, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; NMR, Nuclear magnetic resonance; PAN, Polyacrylonitrile; PANI, Polyaniline; PEG-CCM, polyethylene-glycol-modified mono-functional curcumin; PEI, Polyetherimide; PEMFCs, Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells; PM, Particulate matter; POM, Polyoxometalate; PPC, Polypropylene/polycarbonate; PS, Polystyrene; PSM, Post-synthetic modification; PVA, Polyvinyl alcohol; PVB, Polyvinyl Butyral; PVC, Polyvinylchloride; PVF, Polyvinylformal; PXRD, Powder x-ray diffraction; Pg, Porphyromonas gingivalis; RDX, 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SALI, Solvent assisted ligand incorporation; SBU, Secondary building unit; SCXRD, Single-crystal X-ray diffraction; SEM, Scanning electron microscope; SIBs, Sodium-ion batteries; SSEs, Solid-state electrolytes; STY, space–time yield, grams of MOF per cubic meter of reaction mixture per day of synthesis; Shaping; TEA, Triethylamine; TIPS-HoP, Thermally induced phase separation-hot pressing; TNP, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol; TNT, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene; UPS, Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy; VOC, Volatile organic compound; WHO, World health organization; WLED, White light emitting diode; XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; ZIF, zeolitic imidazolate framework; hXAS, Hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy; sXAS, Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy.