Frequency-stabilized chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging with real-time free-induction-decay readout

Abstract

Purpose: To correct the temporal B₀ drift in chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging in real-time with extra free-induction-decay (FID) readout.

Theory and methods: The frequency stabilization module of the recently proposed frequency-stabilized CEST (FS-CEST) sequence was further simplified by replacing the original three k-space lines of gradient-echo (GRE) readout with a single k-space line of FID readout. The B₀ drift was quantified using the phase difference between the odd and even parts of the FID signal in the frequency stabilization module and then used to update the B₀ frequency in the succeeding modules. The proposed FS-CEST sequence with FID readout (FID FS-CEST) was validated in phantoms and 16 human subjects on cross-vendor scanners.

Results: In the Siemens experiments, the FID FS-CEST sequence successfully corrected the user-induced B₀ drift, generating consistent amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) images and magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (MTR_asym ) spectra with those from the non-frequency-stabilized CEST (NFS-CEST) sequence without B₀ drift. In the Philips experiments, the FID FS-CEST sequence produced more stable APTw images and MTR_asym spectra than the NFS-CEST sequence in the presence of practical B₀ drift. Quantitatively, the SD of the APTw signal values in the deep gray matter from 15 subjects was 0.26% for the FID FS-CEST sequence compared to 1.03% for the NFS-CEST sequences, with the fluctuations reduced by nearly three-quarters.

Conclusions: The proposed FS-CEST sequence with FID readout can effectively correct the temporal B₀ drift on cross-vendor scanners.

Keywords: chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST); free-induction-decay (FID) readout; frequency stabilization; temporal B0 drift.