Immune responses during COVID-19 infection

Cléa Melenotte; Aymeric Silvin; Anne-Gaëlle Goubet; Imran Lahmar; Agathe Dubuisson; Alimuddin Zumla; Didier Raoult; Mansouria Merad; Bertrand Gachot; Clémence Hénon; Eric Solary; Michaela Fontenay; Fabrice André; Markus Maeurer; Giuseppe Ippolito; Mauro Piacentini; Fu-Sheng Wang; Florent Ginhoux; Aurélien Marabelle; Guido Kroemer; Lisa Derosa; Laurence Zitvogel

doi:10.1080/2162402X.2020.1807836

Immune responses during COVID-19 infection

Oncoimmunology. 2020 Aug 25;9(1):1807836. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2020.1807836.

Authors

Cléa Melenotte^{1

2

3

4}, Aymeric Silvin¹, Anne-Gaëlle Goubet^{1

2

5

6}, Imran Lahmar^{1

2

5

6}, Agathe Dubuisson^{1

2

5

6}, Alimuddin Zumla⁷, Didier Raoult^{2

3}, Mansouria Merad⁸, Bertrand Gachot¹, Clémence Hénon¹, Eric Solary¹, Michaela Fontenay⁹, Fabrice André¹, Markus Maeurer^{10

11}, Giuseppe Ippolito¹², Mauro Piacentini^{13

14}, Fu-Sheng Wang¹⁵, Florent Ginhoux^{16

17

18}, Aurélien Marabelle³, Guido Kroemer^{19

20

21

22

23}, Lisa Derosa^{1

2

5

6}, Laurence Zitvogel^{1

2

5

6

23}

Affiliations

¹ Immunology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
² Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.
³ Infectious Diseases, Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.
⁴ Infectious Diseases, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
⁵ Immunology, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1015 Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.
⁶ Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France.
⁷ Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
⁸ Service de Urgences et de Permanence des Soins, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France.
⁹ INSERM U1016, Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
¹⁰ Immunosurgery, Immunotherapy Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
¹¹ Med Clinic, University of Mainz, Mayence, Germany.
¹² Dipartimento di Epidemiologia Ricerca Pre-Clinica e Diagnostica Avanzata, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy.
¹³ Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
¹⁴ Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Disease IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy.
¹⁵ National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
¹⁶ Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
¹⁷ Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
¹⁸ Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore.
¹⁹ Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
²⁰ Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
²¹ Pôle de Biologie,Pathologie - PUI - Hygiène, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
²² Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
²³ Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.

Abstract

Over the past 16 years, three coronaviruses (CoVs), severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) in 2002, Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and 2015, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2020, have been causing severe and fatal human epidemics. The unpredictability of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) poses a major burden on health care and economic systems across the world. This is caused by the paucity of in-depth knowledge of the risk factors for severe COVID-19, insufficient diagnostic tools for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the absence of specific and effective drug treatments. While protective humoral and cellular immune responses are usually mounted against these betacoronaviruses, immune responses to SARS-CoV2 sometimes derail towards inflammatory tissue damage, leading to rapid admissions to intensive care units. The lack of knowledge on mechanisms that tilt the balance between these two opposite outcomes poses major threats to many ongoing clinical trials dealing with immunostimulatory or immunoregulatory therapeutics. This review will discuss innate and cognate immune responses underlying protective or deleterious immune reactions against these pathogenic coronaviruses.

Keywords: Coronavirus; Covid-19; Sars-CoV-2; cellular; humoral; immune response; immunity.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review

MeSH terms

COVID-19 / diagnosis
COVID-19 / immunology*
COVID-19 / virology
Host Microbial Interactions / immunology*
Humans
Immunity, Cellular
Immunity, Humoral
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus / immunology
Protective Factors
Risk Factors
SARS-CoV-2 / immunology*
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus / immunology
Severity of Illness Index

Grants and funding

ONCOVID was supported by Dassault Systems, Izipizi, Agnès b., Ralph Lauren and Malakoff Humanis, Sanofi. LZ and GK were supported by the Ligue contre le Cancer (équipe labelisée); Agence National de la Recherche (ANR) – Projets blancs; ANR under the frame of E-Rare-2, the ERA-Net for Research on Rare Diseases; Association pour la recherche sur le cancer (ARC); Cancéropôle Ile-de-France; Chancelerie des universités de Paris (Legs Poix), Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM); a donation by Elior; the European Commission (Horizon 2020: Oncobiome); the European Research Council (ERC); Institut National du Cancer (INCa); Inserm (HTE); Institut Universitaire de France; LeDucq Foundation; the LabEx Immuno-Oncology; the RHU Torino Lumière; the Seerave Foundation; the SIRIC Stratified Oncology Cell DNA Repair and Tumor Immune Elimination (SOCRATE); ONCOBIOME H2020 network, and the SIRIC Cancer Research and Personalized Medicine (CARPEM); RHU Torino Lumière (ANR-16-RHUS-0008) and CARE (directed by X. Mariette). Cléa Melenotte was supported by the RHU Lumière for its post doctoral fellowship.