The Effect of Iodine Status on the Risk of Thyroid Nodules: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang, China

Xiaoming Lou; Xiaofeng Wang; Zhifang Wang; Guangming Mao; Wenming Zhu; Yuanyang Wang; Xuejiao Pan; Zhijian Chen; Zhe Mo

doi:10.1155/2020/3760375

The Effect of Iodine Status on the Risk of Thyroid Nodules: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang, China

Int J Endocrinol. 2020 Aug 18:2020:3760375. doi: 10.1155/2020/3760375. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Xiaoming Lou¹, Xiaofeng Wang¹, Zhifang Wang¹, Guangming Mao¹, Wenming Zhu¹, Yuanyang Wang¹, Xuejiao Pan¹, Zhijian Chen¹, Zhe Mo¹

Affiliation

¹ Department of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang, China.

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore whether iodine nutrition is associated with the risk of thyroid nodules among adult population in Zhejiang Province, China.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the general population aged 18 years or older. A total of 2,710 subjects received physical examination, questionnaires, and thyroid ultrasonography. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and thyroid hormone levels were measured and documented for each subject. 4 multiple logistic regression models adjusted for other risk factors were applied to analyze the association between iodine nutrition and thyroid nodules.

Results: The prevalence of thyroid nodules was 15.5% among all adults. As indicated by all 4 models, subjects with UIC varying from 200 μg l^-1 to 399 μg l^-1 had lower risk of thyroid nodules compared with those with relatively low UIC (<100 μg l^-1), with approximately 37-57 percent reduction in risk. Moreover, subjects with UIC between 100 and 199 μg l^-1 had a decreased risk of thyroid nodules in model 1 and 2 (OR = 0.75, 95% CI, 0.58-0.97; OR = 0.75, 95% CI, 0.58-0.97, respectively). However, there was no significant difference of risk in thyroid nodules between subjects with high UIC (≥400 μg l^-1) and low UIC (<100 μg l^-1). Furthermore, intake of iodized salt was inversely associated with risk of thyroid nodules, with approximately 69-77 percent reduction in risk.

Conclusion: The relationship between UIC and the risk of thyroid nodules is U-shaped. Consumption of noniodized salt is an independent risk factor of thyroid nodules.