Evolution of lifestyles in Capnodiales

J Abdollahzadeh; J Z Groenewald; M P A Coetzee; M J Wingfield; P W Crous

doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2020.02.004

Evolution of lifestyles in Capnodiales

Stud Mycol. 2020 Mar 5:95:381-414. doi: 10.1016/j.simyco.2020.02.004. eCollection 2020 Mar.

Authors

J Abdollahzadeh¹, J Z Groenewald², M P A Coetzee³, M J Wingfield³, P W Crous^{2

3

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran.
² Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, Utrecht, 3508 AD, the Netherlands.
³ Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Forestry & Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁴ Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands.

Abstract

The Capnodiales, which includes fungi known as the sooty moulds, represents the second largest order in Dothideomycetes, encompassing morphologically and ecologically diverse fungi with different lifestyles and modes of nutrition. They include saprobes, plant and human pathogens, mycoparasites, rock-inhabiting fungi (RIF), lichenised, epi-, ecto- and endophytes. The aim of this study was to elucidate the lifestyles and evolutionary patterns of the Capnodiales as well as to reconsider their phylogeny by including numerous new collections of sooty moulds, and using four nuclear loci, LSU, ITS, TEF-1α and RPB2. Based on the phylogenetic results, combined with morphology and ecology, Capnodiales s. lat. is shown to be polyphyletic, representing seven different orders. The sooty moulds are restricted to Capnodiales s. str., while Mycosphaerellales is resurrected, and five new orders including Cladosporiales, Comminutisporales, Neophaeothecales, Phaeothecales and Racodiales are introduced. Four families, three genera, 21 species and five combinations are introduced as new. Furthermore, ancestral reconstruction analysis revealed that the saprobic lifestyle is a primitive state in Capnodiales s. lat., and that several transitions have occurred to evolve lichenised, plant and human parasitic, ectophytic (sooty blotch and flyspeck) and more recently epiphytic (sooty mould) lifestyles.

Keywords: Capnodiales; Capnodium alfenasii Abdollahz. & Crous; Capnodium blackwelliae Abdollahz. & Crous; Capnodium gamsii Abdollahz. & Crous; Capnodium neocoffeicola Abdollahz. & Crous; Capnodium paracoffeicola Abdollahz. & Crous; Chaetocapnodium indonesiacum Abdollahz. & Crous; Chaetocapnodium insulare Abdollahz. & Crous; Chaetocapnodium philippinense (Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde) Abdollahz. & Crous; Chaetocapnodium placitae (Cheewangkoon & Crous) Abdollahz. & Crous; Chaetocapnodium summerellii Abdollahz. & Crous; Chaetocapnodium tanzanicum Abdollahz. & Crous; Chaetocapnodium thailandense Abdollahz. & Crous; Cladosporiales Abdollahz. & Crous; Cladosporium; Comminutisporaceae Abdollahz. & Crous; Comminutisporales Abdollahz. & Crous; Leptoxyphium citri Abdollahz. & Crous; Multigene phylogeny; Mycosphaerella; Neoantennariella Abdollahz. & Crous; Neoantennariella phylicae Abdollahz. & Crous; Neoantennariellaceae Abdollahz. & Crous; Neoasbolisia Abdollahz. & Crous; Neoasbolisia phylicae Abdollahz. & Crous; Neophaeotheca Abdollahz. & Crous; Neophaeotheca salicorniae (Crous & Roets) Abdollahz. & Crous; Neophaeotheca triangularis (de Hoog & Beguin) Abdollahz. & Crous; Neophaeothecaceae Abdollahz. & Crous; Neophaeothecales Abdollahz. & Crous; Phaeothecales Abdollahz. & Crous; Phaeoxyphiella australiana Abdollahz. & Crous; Phaeoxyphiella phylicae Abdollahz. & Crous; Phragmocapnias plumeriae (Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde) Abdollahz. & Crous; Racodiales Abdollahz. & Crous; Readerielliopsidaceae Abdollahz. & Crous; Scolecoxyphium blechni Abdollahz. & Crous; Scolecoxyphium blechnicola Abdollahz. & Crous; Scolecoxyphium leucadendri Abdollahz. & Crous; Scolecoxyphium phylicae Abdollahz. & Crous; Scorias aphidis Abdollahz. & Crous; Scorias camelliae Abdollahz. & Crous; Sooty moulds.