Classifying Elite From Novice Athletes Using Simulated Wearable Sensor Data

Gwyneth B Ross; Brittany Dowling; Nikolaus F Troje; Steven L Fischer; Ryan B Graham

doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00814

Classifying Elite From Novice Athletes Using Simulated Wearable Sensor Data

Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Aug 4:8:814. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00814. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Gwyneth B Ross¹, Brittany Dowling², Nikolaus F Troje³, Steven L Fischer⁴, Ryan B Graham^{1

4}

Affiliations

¹ School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
² Motus Global, Rockville Centre, New York, NY, United States.
³ Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
⁴ Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.

Abstract

Movement screens are frequently used to identify differences in movement patterns such as pathological abnormalities or skill related differences in sport; however, abnormalities are often visually detected by a human assessor resulting in poor reliability. Therefore, our previous research has focused on the development of an objective movement assessment tool to classify elite and novice athletes' kinematic data using machine learning algorithms. Classifying elite and novice athletes can be beneficial to objectively detect differences in movement patterns between the athletes, which can then be used to provide higher quality feedback to athletes and their coaches. Currently, the method requires optical motion capture, which is expensive and time-consuming to use, creating a barrier for adoption within industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess whether machine learning could classify athletes as elite or novice using data that can be collected easily and inexpensively in the field using inertial measurement units (IMUs). A secondary purpose of this study was to refine the architecture of the tool to optimize classification rates. Motion capture data from 542 athletes performing seven dynamic screening movements were analyzed. A principal component analysis (PCA)-based pattern recognition technique and machine learning algorithms with the Euclidean norm of the segment linear accelerations and angular velocities as inputs were used to classify athletes based on skill level. Depending on the movement, using metrics achievable with IMUs and a linear discriminant analysis (LDA), 75.1-84.7% of athletes were accurately classified as elite or novice. We have provided evidence that suggests our objective, data-driven method can detect meaningful differences during a movement screening battery when using data that can be collected using IMUs, thus providing a large methodological advance as these can be collected in the field using sensors. This method offers an objective, inexpensive tool that can be easily implemented in the field to potentially enhance screening, assessment, and rehabilitation in sport and clinical settings.

Keywords: artificial intelligence; athletics; inertial measurement units; machine learning; movement screening; pattern recognition; principal component analysis.